Monochromes
From the Greek monokhromos, mono – one, khromos – colour, Chinese monochrome porcelain is considered to be one of the ceramic world’s great achievements.
Chinese monochrome porcelain is said to have its roots in the Song dynasty (960 – 1279). At the turn of the first millennium, China was the world’s most advanced civilisation and this epoch is known for the invention of movable type printing, bank notes, gunpowder, the compass and even the concept of the restaurant.
Early Chinese monochromes were black and white but very quickly, competition emerged. Kilns vied with each other to see who could make the most exquisite pieces of monochrome Chinese porcelain. In the Song dynasty, the emergence of Ge ware, Guan ware, Ru ware and Jun ware enabled a new burst of colour to appear within the ceramic production.
As the Song dynasty made way for the Yuan, dramatic advancements in the production of Chinese monochrome vases and indeed all forms of Chinese monochromes were developed.
While the production of monochrome Chinese porcelain continued throughout the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty was when new glazing techniques were established. In the Ming dynasty, the most popular monochrome colours used by the imperial court were yellow, red and blue.
When the Qing dynasty arrived, monochromes were very much loved by the emperor and the court. New innovations within the Qing dynasty saw the arrival of new glazes such as peachbloom, teadust, robin’s egg, celadon and lavender, with Song-inspired glazes re-emerging such as Ge, Guan and Ru ware. Further development of enamelled glazes produced remarkable colours not seen before, such as pink, ruby, lemon-yellow, pale turquoise and lime-green.
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M4896
£68,000A superb Chinese celadon glazed thinly potted deep bowl, carved on the interior and exterior with the flowers of the four seasons, lotus, camellia, chrysanthemum and peony on a scrolling continuous leafy branch, the well of the interior with a single tree-peony issuing from rockwork amongst large leaves, the foot carved with a band of key-fret, covered overall in an even rich celadon glaze. Yongle/Xuande, Longquan kilns, Zhejiang Province, 1402-1435.
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M4905
£23,500A superb Chinese celadon glazed tripod, two-handled incense burner with rounded body, cabriole legs, everted rim and upright openwork handles, covered overall in a bright celadon glaze extending to the interior and on the underside, the feet unglazed revealing the burnt-red fired body, the well of the interior used in the kiln for firing a further piece, with Japanese metalwork gilt- lined cover.
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M4957
£16,500Chinese large celadon glazed tripod incense burner modelled in high-relief with a wide central register containing the ‘Eight Trigrams’ between carved leaves and flowers and within relief ribs, all on three cabriole feet and beneath the flat rim, covered overall in a rich and even unctuous celadon glaze extending onto the interior and base, the unglazed centre of the base and interior revealing the burnt-red biscuit body.
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M5072
£11,500Chinese celadon glazed incense burner modelled as a duck standing on pierced rockwork with upright neck and open beak with incised eyes, wings and feather work, the unglazed flat burnt-red biscuit base revealing the body with some ink characters, one wing forming the censer cover.
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M5241
£58,000Chinese imperial porcelain yellow-glazed vase with ovoid body and short, flared neck, covered overall in a rich imperial yellow glaze running to the interior of the mouth and to the base. 9 1/4 inches, 23.5 cm high.
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M5405
£7,500Chinese celadon glazed openwork rectangular-form table screen on integral stand incised with scrolls and petal-shape front, carved with two dragons, one rising from the waves, the other descending from the clouds in a square frame surrounded by seven apertures, the flanged sides incised with scrolls, the reverse plain with two holders for incense, the top edge with chamfered corners, covered overall in an even, rich, celadon glaze, the underside revealing the burnt-red biscuit body from the firing.
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M5417
£POAA remarkable massive Chinese celadon glazed vase carved in high relief on the body with peony flowers on scrolling branches with leaves, beneath a similar register on the neck, above a wide band of relief leaves above the ribbed foot, the flared curved rim with ribs, covered overall in a rich and even luminous celadon glaze continuing on the inside of the neck, the underside of the base with ink marks.
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M5518
£8,500Chinese longquan celadon insense burner and cover of square form, moulded on the exterior in relief with four panels with the Eight Trigrams, repeated twice, within a relief frame, the flat cover surmounted by a Buddhist lion, holding a brocade ball and ribbon it its front paws.
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M5792
£18,500Chinese imperial porcelain copper-red glazed saucer dish, thinly potted with gently flared lipped rim, covered overall in a rich and even sang-de-boeuf glaze beneath the white-glazed rim.
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2 – M5253
£POAChinese imperial porcelain yellow-glazed two-handled wine cup, erbei, thinly potted and incised on each side with a continuous anhua band of archaic style dragons facing each other with open mouths, between a pearl, all on a short foot rim and covered overall in an even pale-yellow glaze, pooling on the foot rim between two upright loop handles with curled ends, the interior glazed white.
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4 – M5388
£POAChinese imperial porcelain white-glazed waterpot of beehive form, taibaizun, with gently flared lipped rim, moulded and carved with three relief archaic style dragon and phoenix medallions, covered overall in an even sweet-white glaze. The base with a six-character mark of Kangxi in underglaze blue and of the period, 1662-1722.
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11 – R1278
£POAChinese imperial porcelain coral-red ground chrysanthemum-form flower dish, ju ban pan, the body with fluted petals and slightly inverted foot, covered overall in a rich and even coral-red enamel.
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12 – M5283
£POAChinese imperial porcelain lemon-yellow enamelled deep bowl, wan, thinly potted with gently flared rim and straight foot, covered overall in a rich and even lemon-yellow glaze, the interior glazed white.
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M4703
£POAChinese imperial porcelain celadon glazed deep bowl with flared rim, carved on the exterior with six camellia flowers on a continuous scrolling branch with leaves, covered overall and extending on the interior and base with a luminous celadon glaze.
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M5791
£68,000Chinese porcelain imperial bowl with deep rounded sides rising from a short straight foot, covered overall in an even blue glaze, the base with a six-character mark of Kangxi within a double-ring in underglaze blue and of the period.
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20 – M5145
£POAChinese imperial porcelain large celadon-glazed moulded and carved deep bowl, wan, with flared white-glazed rim and slightly inverted foot decorated on the exterior with large sprays of lotus flowers, leaves and buds, fruiting peach branch, peonies, a pink flower, finger citron, prunus, camellia, fruiting pomegranate, tree peony and fruiting lychee, covered overall in a rich and even luminous celadon glaze, extending to the interior and the base.
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26 – M4491/2
£POAPair of Chinese imperial porcelain lavender-glazed altar vessels and covers, dou, each modelled after an archaic bronze with moulded and carved archaic designs, the upright body with ribs and bands all on a splayed, ribbed foot, the cover with a design of scrolls, fretwork and two registers of stylised waves beneath a double-rope twist openwork finial, covered overall including the interior and underside in a luminous, rich and even lavender glaze, all the rims dressed in brown in veneration of the archaic prototype.
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28 – M5538
£POAPair of Chinese imperial porcelain large moulded celadon-glazed bowls, wan, of deep form with upright sides and straight footrims, each moulded on the exterior with six peony blooms on their characteristic leafy branches beneath an archaic scrolling band at the rim and above a keyfret band at the foot, the interior incised overall with a central peony flowerhead encircled by six further blooms on a continuous scrolling branch with leaves beneath a keyfret band at the rim, the rims glazed white, covered overall in a luminous even pale celadon glaze.
Further information on Monochromes
Chinese monochromes took a starring role in state ceremonies because traditional Chinese beliefs assumed that ritual vessels must be Chinese monochromes of glazed porcelain of particular colours, representative of four temples in Beijing and the gods they represented:
Blue Chinese monochrome porcelain – Altar of Heaven (tiantan)
Yellow Chinese monochrome porcelain – Altar of the Earth (ditan)
White Chinese monochrome porcelain – Altar of the Moon (yuetan)
Red Chinese monochrome porcelain – Altar of the Sun (ritan)
The reign of Kangxi at the start of the Qing dynasty was when the techniques of Chinese monochromes began to mature.
The beauty of Chinese monochrome vases, indeed all Chinese monochrome porcelain was in the technical accomplishment, the finesse of the colours and the quality of the glaze. It’s testament to the processes developed to produce monochrome Chinese porcelain that the colours have remained as spectacular as they were the day they were fired.
Arguably the most famous of all the colours, not just of Chinese monochrome porcelain but of all Chinese porcelain, blue is almost infinitely varied and the cobalt used came from as far away as modern-day Iran – from the most pale clair de lune to the deepest shades known as Mazarine blue.